Extraction and analysis of numerical characteristics from forewings of three plant hopper species (Homoptera: Ricaniidae)

doi:10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.101

Abstract

Abstract:

[Objectives] To investigate if contour features of the forewings of three Ricaniidae plant hopper species, one of the most important families of pests in orchards, tea plantations, and horticultural plants, can be used to reliably identify an individual’s species and sex. [Methods] Morphological features of the forewings of the three plant hopper species were extracted by image processing and analysis technology and the data analyzed in SPSS v22.0. [Results] There was no significant difference in the contour morphological parameters of the left and right wings of one species. However, there was a difference in these parameters between female and male adults of the other two species. Except for the perimeter measurement in Euricania clara, differences in five actual measurements were either significant, or extremely significant, between females and males. Except for the circularity measurement of males and the perimeter measurement, differences in other parameters were also significant, or extremely significant, between species. Canonical discriminant analysis indicates that these three pest species can be distinguished by their forewing contour features with an accuracy from original and cross validation discrimination of more than 90%. [Conclusion] Three kinds of plant hoppers can be reliably identified by the contour features of their forewings, which provides a method for the automatic identification and population monitoring for these pests.

Key words: feature extraction, sex discrimination, species identification, automatic monitoring, plant hopper

Peng-Liang PAN, Feng HONG, Jun-Hua CHEN, Hong-Min LIU, Xin-Ming YIN, Jian-Wei XIONG. Extraction and analysis of numerical characteristics from forewings of three plant hopper species (Homoptera: Ricaniidae)[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2020, 57(4): 980-987.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1 Forewings from three plant hopper species A. Ricania sublimbata; B. Ricania speculum; C. Euricania clara.

Fig. 2 Comparison results of morphological parameters about forewings of male and female from three plant hopper species A, B. R. sublimbata; C, D. R. spechlum; E, F. E. clara. The data in the figure are mean±SD; ** indicates significantly different at 0.01 level, * indicates significantly different at 0.05 level, and the ns indicates no significant difference between different sexual samples in one species. Ar: Area; Pe: Perimeter; LA: Long axis; SA: Short axis; Eq: Equal radius; Ec: Eccentricity; Co: Compactness; Sp: Sphericity; Lo: Lobation; Ci: Circlularity.

Fig. 3 Difference of morphological parameters of forewings from three plant hopper species with different data sets The data in the figure are mean±SD. Histograms with different letters within one group indicate significant difference between species, while same letters indicate no significant difference at 0.05 level. Ar: Area; Pe: Perimeter; LA: Long axis; SA: Short axis; Eq: Equal radius; Ec: Eccentricity; Co: Compactness; Sp: Sphericity; Lo: Lobation; Ci: Circlularity.

Table 1 Results of canonical discriminant analysis about different data sets from three plant hopper species

数据类型 Data types		种类 Species	预测组成员（%）Predicted group membership (%)
数据类型 Data types		种类 Species	柿广翅蜡蝉 R. sublimbata	八点广翅蜡蝉 R. spechlum	透明广翅蜡蝉 E. clara
综合数据^a1,c1Aggregate data	原始 Original	柿广翅蜡蝉 R. sublimbata	98.6	0.0	1.4
		八点广翅蜡蝉 R. spechlum	0.0	95.0	5.0
		透明广翅蜡蝉 E. clara	0.0	0.7	99.3
	交叉验证^bCross-validated	柿广翅蜡蝉 R. sublimbata	98.6	0.0	1.4
		八点广翅蜡蝉 R. spechlum	5.0	90.0	5.0
		透明广翅蜡蝉 E. clara	0.0	0.7	99.3
实际测量数据^a2,c2Direct measurement data	原始 Original	柿广翅蜡蝉 R. sublimbata	98.6	0.0	1.4
		八点广翅蜡蝉 R. spechlum	10.0	80.0	10.0
		透明广翅蜡蝉 E. clara	0.0	0.7	99.3
	交叉验证^bCross-validated	柿广翅蜡蝉 R. sublimbata	98.6	0.0	1.4
		八点广翅蜡蝉 R. spechlum	10.0	80.0	10.0
		透明广翅蜡蝉 E. clara	0.0	0.7	99.3
二次数据^a3,c3Secondary data	原始 Original	柿广翅蜡蝉 R. sublimbata	97.8	0.0	2.2
		八点广翅蜡蝉 R. spechlum	55.0	40.0	5.0
		透明广翅蜡蝉 E. clara	8.0	0.7	91.3
	交叉验证^bCross-validated	柿广翅蜡蝉 R. sublimbata	97.8	0.0	2.2
		八点广翅蜡蝉 R. spechlum	65.0	30.0	5.0
		透明广翅蜡蝉 E. clara	8.0	0.7	91.3

References 24

[1]	Chang XL, Zhai BP, Liu XD, Wang M , 2007. Effects of temperature stress and pesticide exposure on fluctuating asymmetry and mortality of Copera annulata (Selys) (Odonata: Zygoptera) larvae. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67(1):120-127. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.04.004 URL
[2]	Deng LM, Wang YJ, Han ZZ, Yu RS , 2018. Research on insect pest image detection and recognition based on bio-inspired methods. Biosystems Engineering, ( 169):139-148.
[3]	Joan DC, Elisa RM, Sebastià JR, Sergio MN, Anna S, Samuel P , 2018. Individual unique colour patterns of the pronotum of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) allow for photographic identification methods (PIM). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 21(2):519-526. doi: 10.1016/j.aspen.2018.03.002 URL
[4]	Jose B, Juan GS, Abelardo G, Patricia C, Rafael A, Enrique M , 2008. Automatic sex detection of individuals of Ceratitis capitata by means of computer vision in a biofactory. Pest Management Science, 65(1):99-104. doi: 10.1002/ps.1652 URL pmid: 18823066
[5]	Kalafi EY, Town C, Dhillon SK , 2018. How automated image analysis techniques help scientists in species identification and classification? Folia Morphologica, 77(2):179-193. URL pmid: 28868609
[6]	Leonard RJ, Wat KKY, McArthur C, Hochuli DF , 2018. Urbanisation and wing asymmetry in the western honey bee ( Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) at multiple scales. Peer J., ( 12):e5940.
[7]	Nattero J, Cecere MC, Gürtler RE , 2017. Temporal variations of fluctuating asymmetry in wing size and shape of Triatoma infestans populations from northwest Argentina. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, ( 56):133-142.
[8]	Nawrocka A, Kandemir İ, Fuchs S, Tofilski A , 2018. Computer software for identification of honey bee subspecies and evolutionary lineages. Apidologie, 49(2):172-184.
[9]	Pan PL, Shi HZ, Yin XM , 2017. Application of insect mathematical morphology in gender recognition of peach longicorn beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 46(12):159-164.
	[ 潘鹏亮, 史洪中, 尹新明 , 2017. 昆虫数学形态学在桃红颈天牛雌雄成虫鉴别中的应用. 河南农业科学, 46(12):159-164.]
[10]	Perrard A, Baylac M, Carpenter JM, Villemant C , 2014. Evolution of wing shape in hornets: Why is the wing venation efficient for species identification? Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 27(12):2665-2675. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12523 URL
[11]	Rohlf FJ , 2015. The tps series of software. Hystrix, 26(1):9-12.
[12]	Shen ZR, Yu XW , 1998. Perspective and research of mathematical insect morphology and its application. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 41(S1):142-150.
	[ 沈佐锐, 于新文 , 1998. 昆虫数学形态学研究及其应用展望. 昆虫学报, 41(增刊):142-150.]
[13]	Tan JC , 1995. Investigation on fulgorid planthoppers (Fulgoridae) in tea gardens of Hunan province. Journal of Tea Science, 15(1):33-37.
	[ 谭济才 , 1995. 湖南省茶园蜡蝉种类调查研究初报. 茶叶科学, 15(1):33-37.]
[14]	Tofilski A , 2004. DrawWing, a program for numerical description of insect wings. Journal of Insect Science, 17(4):1-5. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iew097 URL
[15]	Vakilian KA, Massah J , 2013. Performance evaluation of a machine vision system for insect pests identification of field crops using artificial neural networks. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46(11):1262-1269. doi: 10.1080/03235408.2013.763620 URL
[16]	Weng GR , 2008. Monitoring population density of pests based on mathematical morphology. Transactions of the CSAE, 24(11):135-138.
	[ 翁桂荣 , 2008. 数学形态学在害虫种群密度监测中的应用. 农业工程学报, 24(11):135-138.]
[17]	Xu P, Chen NZ, Yang D , 2010. Automatic identification of insects. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 47(2):256-262.
	[ 徐鹏, 陈乃中, 杨定 , 2010. 自动识别技术在昆虫分类鉴别研究中的应用. 昆虫知识, 47(2):256-262.]
[18]	Yang HP, Ma CS, Wen H, Zhang QB, Wang XL , 2015. A tool for developing an automatic insect identification system based on wing outlines. Scientific Reports , doi: 10.1038/srep12786. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70536-7 URL pmid: 32859928
[19]	Yang HZ, Shen ZR, Li XT , 2011. Advances on automatic insect identification. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 30(5):834-838.
	[ 杨红珍, 沈佐锐, 李湘涛 , 2011. 昆虫自动鉴定技术研究与展望. 四川动物, 30(5):834-838.]
[20]	Yu SQ, Xu AZ, Wang RZ , 2018. A preliminary study on the host plants of Ricania sublimbata Jacobi. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 24(23):55-56.
	[ 俞素琴, 徐爱珍, 汪荣灶 , 2018. 柿广翅蜡蝉寄主植物的初步研究. 安徽农学通报, 24(23):55-56.]
[21]	Yu XW, Shen ZR, Gao LW, Li ZH , 2003. Feature measuring and extraction for digital image of insects. Journal of China Agricultural University, 8(3):47-50.
	[ 于新文, 沈佐锐, 高灵旺, 李志红 , 2003. 昆虫图像几何形状特征的提取技术研究. 中国农业大学学报, 8(3):47-50.]
[22]	Zhao FH, Lü LZ, Ren HL , 2010. Plant hoppers: A new pest insect found in Xinyang area. China Tea, 32(10):16-17.
	[ 赵丰华, 吕立哲, 任红楼 , 2010. 信阳茶树新害虫——蜡蝉. 中国茶叶, 32(10):16-17.]
[23]	Zhao FH, Lü LZ, Ren HL, Gong FP, Jiang SF, Dang YC , 2011. Biological characteristics of Ricania sublimbata from tea plantations in the Southern Henan province. China Tea, 33(5):18-19.
	[ 赵丰华, 吕立哲, 任红楼, 龚凤萍, 蒋双丰, 党永超 , 2011. 豫南茶园柿广翅蜡蝉生物学特性. 中国茶叶, 33(5):18-19.]
[24]	Zhou Y, Lu JS , 1977. On the Chinese Ricaniidae with descriptions of eight new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 20(3):314-322.
	[ 周尧, 路进生 , 1977. 中国的广翅蜡蝉科附八新种. 昆虫学报, 20(3):314-322.]