不同生态措施苹果园主要害虫及天敌发生特征 *

doi:10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.01.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 昆虫多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,在农业生态系统中发挥重要的生物控害与传粉功能。【方法】 对山东烟台3种不同防控措施的苹果园,即普通生物防治区、功能植物调控区和化学防控区进行了为期2年（2018-2019）的害虫和天敌种群调查,比较了3种不同生态措施苹果园主要害虫、天敌发生特征。【结果】 发现生防区、功能植物区的绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola Vander Goot、金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats.、苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi（Koch）发生数量比化防区都高,而其内的异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica（Tjeder）、食蚜蝇Syrphidae发生数量明显比化防区高。【结论】 功能植物区和生防区的天敌数量均高于化防区,在一定程度上可抑制害虫发生的种群密度;而化防区内进行化学防治控制主要害虫的同时,也对天敌数量产生一定的负影响,其害虫种群数量波动较大,容易暴发成灾。

关键词: 苹果树, 功能植物, 生物防治, 节肢动物种群, 生物多样性

Abstract:

[Objectives] Insect diversity is an important component of biodiversity and plays a necessary role in bio-control and pollination. [Methods] During 2018-2019, we investigated the abundance of the main pest insects and their natural enemies in apple orchards with three different pest control methods; biological control (BC), functional plants (FP) to provide habitat for natural predators and chemical control (CC). [Results] We found that the abundance of the main pest insects, such as Aphis citricola, Panonychus ulmi and Lithocolletis ringoniella, in BC and FP apple orchards was much higher than in CC orchards. However, the abundance of natural predators of these pests, such as Harmonia axyridis, Chrysoperla sinicaand members of the Syrphidae, was also higher in FP and BC orchards than in CC orchards. [Conclusion] FP and BC can reduce the population density of pest insects in apple orchards. Although CC can keep pest insects at low numbers, it also suppresses their natural predators and CC orchards had greater fluctuations in pest abundance than BC and FP orchards.

Key words: apple tree, functional plant, biological control, arthropod community, biodiversity

肖云丽, 郭炜, 唐文颖, 蔡志平, 于凯, 刘同先. 不同生态措施苹果园主要害虫及天敌发生特征 ^*[J]. 应用昆虫学报, 2020, 57(1): 113-123.

Yun-Li XIAO, Wei GUO, Wen-Ying TANG, Zhi-Ping CAI, Kai YU, Tong-Xian LIU. Comparison of the main pest insects and their natural enemies in apple orchards with different pest control methods[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2020, 57(1): 113-123.

图/表 15

图1 2018年烟台苹果园绣线菊蚜的发生动态同一年份各处理间小写字母不同表示差异显著（P<0.05）。下图同。

Fig. 1 Occurrence trend of Aphis citricola during 2018 Data with different letters in the same year show significant difference at 0.05 level. The same below.

图2 2019年烟台苹果园绣线菊蚜的发生动态

Fig. 2 Occurrence trend of Aphis citricola during 2019

图3 2018年烟台苹果园苹果全爪螨的发生动态

Fig. 3 Occurrence trend of Panonychus ulmi during 2018

图4 2019年烟台苹果园苹果全爪螨的发生动态

Fig. 4 Occurrence trend of Panonychus ulmi during 2019

图5 2018年烟台苹果园金纹细蛾的发生动态

Fig. 5 Occurrence trend of Lithocolletis ringoniella during 2018

图6 2019年烟台苹果园金纹细蛾的发生动态

Fig. 6 Occurrence trend of Lithocolletis ringoniella during 2019

图7 2018年烟台苹果园小绿叶蝉的发生动态

Fig. 7 Occurrence trend of Jacobiasca formosana during 2018

图8 2018年烟台苹果园异色瓢虫的发生动态

Fig. 8 Occurrence trend of Harmonia axyridis during 2018

图9 2019年烟台苹果园异色瓢虫的发生动态

Fig. 9 Occurrence trend of Harmonia axyridis during 2018

图10 2018年烟台苹果园中华通草蛉的发生动态

Fig. 10 Occurrence trend of Chrysoperla sinica during 2018

图11 2019年烟台苹果园中华通草蛉的发生动态

Fig. 11 Occurrence trend of Chrysoperla sinica during 2019

图12 2019年烟台苹果园三突花蛛的发生动态

Fig. 12 Occurrence trend of Misumenops tricuspidatus during 2019

图13 2019年烟台苹果园食蚜蝇的发生动态

Fig. 13 Occurrence trend of Syrphidae during 2018

图14 2018年烟台苹果园主要害虫及天敌总体比较

Fig. 14 Comparison of amount of main pest insects and natural enemies in 2018 in Yantai apple orchard

图15 2019年烟台苹果园主要害虫及天敌总体比较

Fig. 15 Comparison of amount of main pest insects and natural enemies in 2019 in Yantai apple orchard

参考文献 18

[1]	Browm MW, Schmitt JJ , 2001 Seasonal and diurnal dynamics of beneficial insect populations in apple orchards under different management intensity. Environmental Entomology, 30(2):415-424.
[2]	Chen W, Jiang ZW, Hu YL, Shu HR , 2008. Study on biological character of rhizosphere microorganism in apple orchard. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 22(3):168-171.
	[ 陈伟, 姜中武, 胡艳丽, 束怀瑞 , 2008. 苹果园土壤微生物生态特征研究. 水土保持学报, 22(3):168-171.]
[3]	Feng CL, Chen JP, Zhang LS , 2007. Influence of sod culture to the ecology environment of Fuji orchard. Acta Agriculturae Boreali- Occidentalis Sinica, 16(4):134-137.
	[ 冯存良, 陈建平, 张林森 , 2007. 生草栽培对富士苹果园生态环境的影响. 西北农业学报, 16(4):134-137.]
[4]	Feng JG, Yu Y, Zhang AS, Tao X, Zhang SC , 2005. Sustainable pest management techniques in ecological apple orchard. China Fruits, ( 1):10-12.
	[ 冯建国, 于毅, 张安盛, 陶训, 张思聪 , 2005. 生态苹果园害虫可持续治理技术. 中国果树, ( 1):10-12.]
[5]	Ge F, Ou YF, Men XY , 2017. Ecological effects of regional farmland landscape on insects and its prospect. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32(8):830-835.
	[ 戈峰, 欧阳芳, 门兴元 , 2017. 区域性农田景观对昆虫的生态学效应与展望. 中国科学院院刊, 32(8):830-835.]
[6]	Jiang YL, Zhao QC, Tian SY, Li ZH , 2003. Investigation of natural enemies in planting grass orchard and control of natural enemies on fruit pests. Shanxi Fruits, 96(6):6-8.
	[ 姜玉兰, 赵清春, 田淑彦, 李照会 , 2003. 种草果园天敌调查及天敌对果树害虫的控制研究. 山西果树, 96(6):6-8.]
[7]	Landis DA, Wratten SD, Gurr GM , 2000. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology, 45:175-201.
[8]	Liang ZN, Zhang YQ , 2007. Spatial and temporal structures of arthropod community in longan orchard. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(4):1542-1549.
	[ 梁子宁, 张永强 , 2007. 龙眼园节肢动物群落结构及其时空格局. 生态学报, 27(4):1542-1549.]
[9]	Mu JY, Li ZH, Zheng FQ, Mao XM, Qiu YQ, Liu SJ, Qu CH , 1997. Community structure of major insect pests and their natural enemies and ecological management of major insect pests in apple orchard. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, 28(3):253-261.
	[ 牟吉元, 李照会, 郑方强, 毛学明, 邱玉琴, 刘世江, 曲诚怀 , 1997. 苹果园主要害虫及天敌群落结构和生态控制的研究. 山东农业大学学报, 28(3):253-261.]
[10]	Ouyang F, Men XY, Guan XM, Xiao YL, Ge F , 2016. Ecological effect of regional agricultural landscape pattern on wheat aphids and their natural enemies. Scientia Sinica (Vitae), 46(1):139-150.
	[ 欧阳芳, 门兴元, 关秀敏, 肖云丽, 戈峰 , 2016. 区域性农田景观格局对麦蚜及其天敌种群的生态学效应. 中国科学: 生命科学, 46(1):139-150.]
[11]	Schellhorn NA, Bianchi FJJA, Hsu CL , 2014. Movement of entomophagous arthropods in agricultural landscapes: Links to pest suppression. Annval Review of Entomology, 59:559-581.
[12]	Schmidt-Entling MH, Döbeli J , 2009. Sown wildflower areas to enhance spiders in arable fields. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 133(1/2):19-22.
[13]	Shi GL, Liu SQ, Zhao LL, Cao H, Li SY , 2005. Community structures and diversity of natural enemies between integrated pest management and conventional management of jujube orchards. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 41(1):100-108.
	[ 师光禄, 刘素琪, 赵莉蔺, 曹挥, 李世友 , 2005. 综合治理与常规防治枣园天敌节肢动物的群落结构及其多样性. 林业科学, 41(1):100-108.]
[14]	Tscharntke T, Bommarco R, Clough Y, Crist TO, Kleijn D, Rand TA, Tylianakis JM, Nouhuys S, Vidal S , 2007. Conservation biological control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale. Biological Control, 43(3):294-309.
[15]	Wang CL, Jin L, Li QB, Lu ZK , 1999. The effect of intercropping crops on the species and quantity of beneficial insects and pests in apple orchard. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, ( 4):26.
	[ 王春良, 靳力, 李秋波, 鲁占魁 , 1999. 苹果园间作农作物对益虫、害虫种类数量的影响. 宁夏农林科技, ( 4):26.]
[16]	Yan YH, Duan JJ , 1988. The effect of covering crops on predatory natural enemy community in apple orchard. Journal of Plant Protection, 15(1):23-26.
	[ 严毓骅, 段建军 , 1988. 苹果园种植覆盖作物对于树上捕食性天敌群落的影响. 植物保护学报, 15(1):23-26.]
[17]	Yu Y, Zhang AS, Yan YH , 1998. The relationship between the occurrence and spread of Miridae bug in East Asia and the vegetation in apple orchard and adjacent farmland. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 14(4):148-151.
	[ 于毅, 张安盛, 严毓骅 , 1998. 东亚小花蝽的发生和扩散与苹果园和邻近农田植被的关系. 中国生物防治学报, 14(4):148-151.]
[18]	Zhao XQ, Shen AD, Li XY, Zhao GH, Gong SX , 2011. Effect of cover crops on populations of insect pests and natural enemies in apple orchards. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 27(4):470-478.
	[ 赵雪晴, 谌爱东, 李向永, 赵高慧, 龚声信 , 2011. 生草对苹果主要害虫与天敌种群发生的影响. 中国生物防治学报, 27(4):470-478.]