Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology ›› 2020, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (1): 153-165.doi: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.01.017
Fei YANG(), He YANG, Wen-Hua ZHAO, Yu-Fang LIU***()
Received:
2019-12-10
Accepted:
2019-12-31
Online:
2020-01-31
Published:
2020-07-03
Contact:
Yu-Fang LIU
E-mail:yangf96@qq.com;yfliu2011@126.com
Fei YANG, He YANG, Wen-Hua ZHAO, Yu-Fang LIU. Impacts of organic manure on rice paddy arthropod communities[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2020, 57(1): 153-165.
元素Element | RPOM | RPCF | PRPOM- RPCF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean±SE | Change value | Mean±SE | Change value | ||
碱解氮(mg/kg)Alkali-hydrolyzable N | 216.33±1.76 | ﹣1.67 | 203.33±0.88 | ﹣14.67 | 0.039 |
有效磷(mg/kg)Available P | 4.43±0.03 | 1.96 | 3.77±0.09 | 1.30 | 0.010 |
速效钾(mg/kg)Quick-acting K | 51.33±0.33 | ﹣36.34 | 49.00±1.00 | ﹣38.67 | 0.192 |
全氮(g/kg)Total N | 2.45±0.01 | 0.22 | 2.27±0.01 | 0.04 | 0.007 |
全磷(g/kg)Total P | 0.50±0.00 | 0.03 | 0.47±0.00 | 0.00 | 0.035 |
全钾(g/kg)Total K | 13.83±0.03 | 0.10 | 13.40±0.10 | ﹣0.33 | 0.039 |
有机质(g/kg)Organic matter | 48.53±0.33 | 11.40 | 38.93±0.38 | 1.80 | 0.000 |
Table 1 Comparison of soil fertility between RPOM and RPCF
元素Element | RPOM | RPCF | PRPOM- RPCF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean±SE | Change value | Mean±SE | Change value | ||
碱解氮(mg/kg)Alkali-hydrolyzable N | 216.33±1.76 | ﹣1.67 | 203.33±0.88 | ﹣14.67 | 0.039 |
有效磷(mg/kg)Available P | 4.43±0.03 | 1.96 | 3.77±0.09 | 1.30 | 0.010 |
速效钾(mg/kg)Quick-acting K | 51.33±0.33 | ﹣36.34 | 49.00±1.00 | ﹣38.67 | 0.192 |
全氮(g/kg)Total N | 2.45±0.01 | 0.22 | 2.27±0.01 | 0.04 | 0.007 |
全磷(g/kg)Total P | 0.50±0.00 | 0.03 | 0.47±0.00 | 0.00 | 0.035 |
全钾(g/kg)Total K | 13.83±0.03 | 0.10 | 13.40±0.10 | ﹣0.33 | 0.039 |
有机质(g/kg)Organic matter | 48.53±0.33 | 11.40 | 38.93±0.38 | 1.80 | 0.000 |
年份 Year | 稻田 Rice field | 物种丰富度 Species richness | 个体数量 Individual number | 多样性指数 Diversity index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | ||
2017 | RPOM | 5 | 4 | 16.40±2.69 | 6.00±1.05 | 0.513 | 0.865 |
RPCF | 4 | 5 | 6.00±2.70 | 3.40±1.40 | 0.778 | 1.313 | |
2018 | RPOM | 7 | 7 | 4.80±0.80 | 13.80±5.45 | 1.816 | 1.142 |
RPCF | 7 | 4 | 18.80±2.49 | 5.80±2.59 | 1.097 | 1.177 |
Table 2 Comparison of diversity of aquatic insects between RPOM and RPCF
年份 Year | 稻田 Rice field | 物种丰富度 Species richness | 个体数量 Individual number | 多样性指数 Diversity index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | ||
2017 | RPOM | 5 | 4 | 16.40±2.69 | 6.00±1.05 | 0.513 | 0.865 |
RPCF | 4 | 5 | 6.00±2.70 | 3.40±1.40 | 0.778 | 1.313 | |
2018 | RPOM | 7 | 7 | 4.80±0.80 | 13.80±5.45 | 1.816 | 1.142 |
RPCF | 7 | 4 | 18.80±2.49 | 5.80±2.59 | 1.097 | 1.177 |
补偿猎物 Compensatory prey | 年份 Year | 稻田 Rice field | 水稻发育期Developmental stage of rice | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturation stage | |||
摇蚊科 Chironomidae | 2017 | RPOM | 11.4±1.57 | 84.6±3.08 | 22.2±1.00 | 10.2±0.61 |
RPCF | 27.0±2.15 | 83.8±4.90 | 21.2±2.25 | 10.2±0.79 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.084 | 0.938 | 0.745 | 1.000 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 34.4±6.23 | 13.8±6.62 | 41.4±4.99 | 9.6±1.54 | |
RPCF | 18.6±3.39 | 27.0±2.68 | 40.6±8.64 | 16.2±1.96 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.015 | 0.173 | 0.937 | 0.034 | ||
弹尾目 Collembola | 2017 | RPOM | 5.2±0.47 | 4.8±0.47 | 3.0±0.36 | 14.8±1.18 |
RPCF | 7.6±0.86 | 6.0±0.18 | 2.2±0.14 | 12.4±0.93 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.275 | 0.109 | 0.099 | 0.374 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 4.8±0.66 | 1.2±0.80 | 7.4±2.80 | 25.8±2.06 | |
RPCF | 2.4±0.51 | 1.4±0.60 | 5.8±0.86 | 34.40±16.65 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.033 | 0.854 | 0.587 | 0.659 |
Table 3 Temporal dynamics of compensatory prey number of predatory natural enemies in RPOM and RPCF
补偿猎物 Compensatory prey | 年份 Year | 稻田 Rice field | 水稻发育期Developmental stage of rice | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturation stage | |||
摇蚊科 Chironomidae | 2017 | RPOM | 11.4±1.57 | 84.6±3.08 | 22.2±1.00 | 10.2±0.61 |
RPCF | 27.0±2.15 | 83.8±4.90 | 21.2±2.25 | 10.2±0.79 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.084 | 0.938 | 0.745 | 1.000 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 34.4±6.23 | 13.8±6.62 | 41.4±4.99 | 9.6±1.54 | |
RPCF | 18.6±3.39 | 27.0±2.68 | 40.6±8.64 | 16.2±1.96 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.015 | 0.173 | 0.937 | 0.034 | ||
弹尾目 Collembola | 2017 | RPOM | 5.2±0.47 | 4.8±0.47 | 3.0±0.36 | 14.8±1.18 |
RPCF | 7.6±0.86 | 6.0±0.18 | 2.2±0.14 | 12.4±0.93 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.275 | 0.109 | 0.099 | 0.374 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 4.8±0.66 | 1.2±0.80 | 7.4±2.80 | 25.8±2.06 | |
RPCF | 2.4±0.51 | 1.4±0.60 | 5.8±0.86 | 34.40±16.65 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.033 | 0.854 | 0.587 | 0.659 |
Fig. 1 Comparison of individual number of Chironomidae and Collembola between RPOM and RPCF in 2017 and 2018 2017-Y and 2018-Y mean Chironomidae in 2017 and 2018 respectively; 2017-T and 2018-T mean Collembola in 2017 and 2018, respectively. RPOM: Rice paddy field used organic manure; RPCF: Rice paddy field used chemical fertilizer.
年份 Year | 稻田 Rice paddy | 物种丰富度 Species richness | 个体数量 Number of individuals | 多样性指数 Diversity index | 均匀性指数 Eveness index | 群落相似性 Community similarity | Bray-Curtis距离 Bray-Curtis distance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | RPOM | 21.75±0.85 | 329.00±44.25 | 2.163 1±0.14 | 0.702 7±0.04 | 0.833 | 0.151 |
RPCF | 17.00±0.71 | 247.25±62.39 | 2.097 8±0.22 | 0.740 8±0.08 | |||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.008 | 0.025 | 0.617 | 0.468 | |||
2018 | RPOM | 22.00±0.71 | 384.25±123.04 | 1.922 6±0.11 | 0.622 8±0.04 | 0.779 | 0.311 |
RPCF | 19.75±2.81 | 257.75±108.11 | 1.964 4±0.05 | 0.670 9±0.04 | |||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.398 | 0.017 | 0.640 | 0.038 |
Table 4 Comparison of the characteristic parameters of the predatory natural enemies between RPOM and RPCF
年份 Year | 稻田 Rice paddy | 物种丰富度 Species richness | 个体数量 Number of individuals | 多样性指数 Diversity index | 均匀性指数 Eveness index | 群落相似性 Community similarity | Bray-Curtis距离 Bray-Curtis distance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | RPOM | 21.75±0.85 | 329.00±44.25 | 2.163 1±0.14 | 0.702 7±0.04 | 0.833 | 0.151 |
RPCF | 17.00±0.71 | 247.25±62.39 | 2.097 8±0.22 | 0.740 8±0.08 | |||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.008 | 0.025 | 0.617 | 0.468 | |||
2018 | RPOM | 22.00±0.71 | 384.25±123.04 | 1.922 6±0.11 | 0.622 8±0.04 | 0.779 | 0.311 |
RPCF | 19.75±2.81 | 257.75±108.11 | 1.964 4±0.05 | 0.670 9±0.04 | |||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.398 | 0.017 | 0.640 | 0.038 |
参数 Parameters | 年份 Year | 稻田 Rice paddy | 水稻发育期 Developmental stage of rice | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturity stage | |||
物种丰富度 Species richness | 2017 | RPOM | 14.8±0.82 | 14.8±0.47 | 12.2±0.64 | 16.6±0.21 |
RPCF | 13.0±0.36 | 13.2±0.64 | 9.0±0.36 | 14.6±0.93 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.167 | 0.160 | 0.056 | 0.142 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 13.0±0.95 | 11.2±1.39 | 12.0±1.05 | 13.8±1.02 | |
RPCF | 7.4±0.87 | 12.4±0.93 | 9.0±0.63 | 14.0±1.34 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.006 | 0.603 | 0.070 | 0.838 | ||
个体数量 Number of individuals | 2017 | RPOM | 90.0±9.30 | 54.6±2.65 | 50.8±6.90 | 67.8±3.65 |
RPCF | 82.6±8.44 | 38.4±4.87 | 24.2±3.11 | 52.6±3.43 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.700 | 0.128 | 1.063 | 0.097 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 44.8±7.86 | 54.4±4.72 | 58.0±11.95 | 150.2±23.69 | |
RPCF | 17.6±3.76 | 43.8±3.53 | 30.4±4.02 | 114.4±18.73 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.056 | 0.052 | 0.083 | 0.343 | ||
多样性指数 Diversity index | 2017 | RPOM | 1.733 9 | 2.168 8 | 2.284 2 | 2.425 4 |
RPCF | 1.456 2 | 2.403 7 | 2.146 8 | 2.384 3 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 2.132 8 | 1.942 9 | 1.937 7 | 1.646 8 | |
RPCF | 1.975 0 | 2.072 5 | 1.989 6 | 1.820 3 | ||
均匀性指数 Eveness index | 2017 | RPOM | 0.592 1 | 0.682 4 | 0.750 3 | 0.784 7 |
RPCF | 0.503 8 | 0.831 6 | 0.792 8 | 0.824 9 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 0.690 0 | 0.619 6 | 0.646 8 | 0.525 2 | |
RPCF | 0.729 3 | 0.661 0 | 0.734 7 | 0.558 7 | ||
群落相似性 Similarity | 2017 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.789 5 | 0.857 1 | 0.666 7 | 0.800 0 |
2018 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.702 7 | 0.565 2 | 0.648 6 | 0.816 3 | |
Bray-Curtis距离 Bray-Curtis distance | 2017 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.105 4 | 0.273 1 | 0.402 7 | 0.174 5 |
2018 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.471 7 | 0.715 4 | 0.348 4 | 0.142 9 |
Table 5 Comparison of temporal dynamics of the characteristic parameters of the predatory natural enemies between RPOM and RPCF
参数 Parameters | 年份 Year | 稻田 Rice paddy | 水稻发育期 Developmental stage of rice | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturity stage | |||
物种丰富度 Species richness | 2017 | RPOM | 14.8±0.82 | 14.8±0.47 | 12.2±0.64 | 16.6±0.21 |
RPCF | 13.0±0.36 | 13.2±0.64 | 9.0±0.36 | 14.6±0.93 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.167 | 0.160 | 0.056 | 0.142 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 13.0±0.95 | 11.2±1.39 | 12.0±1.05 | 13.8±1.02 | |
RPCF | 7.4±0.87 | 12.4±0.93 | 9.0±0.63 | 14.0±1.34 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.006 | 0.603 | 0.070 | 0.838 | ||
个体数量 Number of individuals | 2017 | RPOM | 90.0±9.30 | 54.6±2.65 | 50.8±6.90 | 67.8±3.65 |
RPCF | 82.6±8.44 | 38.4±4.87 | 24.2±3.11 | 52.6±3.43 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.700 | 0.128 | 1.063 | 0.097 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 44.8±7.86 | 54.4±4.72 | 58.0±11.95 | 150.2±23.69 | |
RPCF | 17.6±3.76 | 43.8±3.53 | 30.4±4.02 | 114.4±18.73 | ||
PRPOM–RPCF | 0.056 | 0.052 | 0.083 | 0.343 | ||
多样性指数 Diversity index | 2017 | RPOM | 1.733 9 | 2.168 8 | 2.284 2 | 2.425 4 |
RPCF | 1.456 2 | 2.403 7 | 2.146 8 | 2.384 3 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 2.132 8 | 1.942 9 | 1.937 7 | 1.646 8 | |
RPCF | 1.975 0 | 2.072 5 | 1.989 6 | 1.820 3 | ||
均匀性指数 Eveness index | 2017 | RPOM | 0.592 1 | 0.682 4 | 0.750 3 | 0.784 7 |
RPCF | 0.503 8 | 0.831 6 | 0.792 8 | 0.824 9 | ||
2018 | RPOM | 0.690 0 | 0.619 6 | 0.646 8 | 0.525 2 | |
RPCF | 0.729 3 | 0.661 0 | 0.734 7 | 0.558 7 | ||
群落相似性 Similarity | 2017 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.789 5 | 0.857 1 | 0.666 7 | 0.800 0 |
2018 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.702 7 | 0.565 2 | 0.648 6 | 0.816 3 | |
Bray-Curtis距离 Bray-Curtis distance | 2017 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.105 4 | 0.273 1 | 0.402 7 | 0.174 5 |
2018 | RPOM- RPCF | 0.471 7 | 0.715 4 | 0.348 4 | 0.142 9 |
年份 Year | 物种 Species | 级别* Grade | 稻田 Rice paddy | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturity stage | 全生育期 Whole developmental stage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 食虫沟瘤蛛 | DS | RPOM | 50.80/59.21 | 24.40/50.21 | 12.40/25.94 | 20.00/34.13 | 26.90/41.07 |
Ummeliata insecticeps | DS | RPCF | 54.20/67.58 | 11.00/31.98 | 5.40/23.08 | 12.20/25.10 | 20.70/41.84 | |
纵条蝇狮 Marpiss magister | DS | RPOM | 3.20/3.73 | 2.60/5.35 | 12.00/25.10 | 9.60/16.38 | 6.85/10.46 | |
DS | RPCF | 1.60/2.00 | 4.20/12.21 | 5.80/24.79 | 9.80/20.16 | 5.35/10.81 | ||
八班鞘蛛 | AS | RPOM | 10.00/11.66 | 6.00/12.35 | 2.60/5.44 | 2.20/3.75 | 5.20/7.94 | |
Coleosoma octomaculatum | AS | RPCF | 8.20/10.22 | 3.80/11.05 | 0.20/0.85 | 1.60/3.29 | 3.45/6.97 | |
拟水狼蛛 | AS | RPOM | 4.80/5.59 | 1.80/3.70 | 10.00/20.91 | 7.00/11.95 | 5.90/9.01 | |
Pirata subpiraticus | AS | RPCF | 2.40/2.99 | 2.00/5.81 | 3.80/16.24 | 4.80/9.88 | 3.25/6.57 | |
2018 | 食虫沟瘤蛛 | DS | RPOM | 16.60/49.11 | 25.80/51.39 | 20.40/39.53 | 75.60/53.09 | 34.60/50.10 |
Ummeliata insecticeps | DS | RPCF | 7.20/48.65 | 1.80/4.52 | 9.40/35.34 | 53.40/48.90 | 17.95/44.38 | |
八班鞘蛛 | DS | RPOM | 1.25/2.96 | 0.60/1.20 | 18.00/34.88 | 33.60/23.60 | 13.36/19.35 | |
Coleosoma octomaculatum | DS | RPCF | 0.40/2.70 | 19.20/48.24 | 8.40/31.58 | 26.80/24.54 | 7.00/17.31 | |
拟水狼蛛 | DS | RPOM | 6.20/18.34 | 6.60/13.15 | 6.00/11.63 | 17.00/11.94 | 8.23/12.96 | |
Pirata subpiraticus | DS | RPCF | 4.00/27.03 | 2.20/5.53 | 2.80/10.53 | 10.20/9.34 | 4.80/11.87 | |
肖蛸 | AS | RPOM | 3.20/9.47 | 5.40/10.76 | 2.20/4.26 | 3.20/2.25 | 3.50/5.07 | |
Tetragnatha sp. | AS | RPCF | 1.60/10.81 | 7.80/19.60 | 1.80/6.77 | 4.60/4.21 | 3.95/9.77 |
Table 6 Comparison of temporal dynamics and whole stage of the compose, individual number and important value of important spiders between RPOM and RPCF
年份 Year | 物种 Species | 级别* Grade | 稻田 Rice paddy | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturity stage | 全生育期 Whole developmental stage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 食虫沟瘤蛛 | DS | RPOM | 50.80/59.21 | 24.40/50.21 | 12.40/25.94 | 20.00/34.13 | 26.90/41.07 |
Ummeliata insecticeps | DS | RPCF | 54.20/67.58 | 11.00/31.98 | 5.40/23.08 | 12.20/25.10 | 20.70/41.84 | |
纵条蝇狮 Marpiss magister | DS | RPOM | 3.20/3.73 | 2.60/5.35 | 12.00/25.10 | 9.60/16.38 | 6.85/10.46 | |
DS | RPCF | 1.60/2.00 | 4.20/12.21 | 5.80/24.79 | 9.80/20.16 | 5.35/10.81 | ||
八班鞘蛛 | AS | RPOM | 10.00/11.66 | 6.00/12.35 | 2.60/5.44 | 2.20/3.75 | 5.20/7.94 | |
Coleosoma octomaculatum | AS | RPCF | 8.20/10.22 | 3.80/11.05 | 0.20/0.85 | 1.60/3.29 | 3.45/6.97 | |
拟水狼蛛 | AS | RPOM | 4.80/5.59 | 1.80/3.70 | 10.00/20.91 | 7.00/11.95 | 5.90/9.01 | |
Pirata subpiraticus | AS | RPCF | 2.40/2.99 | 2.00/5.81 | 3.80/16.24 | 4.80/9.88 | 3.25/6.57 | |
2018 | 食虫沟瘤蛛 | DS | RPOM | 16.60/49.11 | 25.80/51.39 | 20.40/39.53 | 75.60/53.09 | 34.60/50.10 |
Ummeliata insecticeps | DS | RPCF | 7.20/48.65 | 1.80/4.52 | 9.40/35.34 | 53.40/48.90 | 17.95/44.38 | |
八班鞘蛛 | DS | RPOM | 1.25/2.96 | 0.60/1.20 | 18.00/34.88 | 33.60/23.60 | 13.36/19.35 | |
Coleosoma octomaculatum | DS | RPCF | 0.40/2.70 | 19.20/48.24 | 8.40/31.58 | 26.80/24.54 | 7.00/17.31 | |
拟水狼蛛 | DS | RPOM | 6.20/18.34 | 6.60/13.15 | 6.00/11.63 | 17.00/11.94 | 8.23/12.96 | |
Pirata subpiraticus | DS | RPCF | 4.00/27.03 | 2.20/5.53 | 2.80/10.53 | 10.20/9.34 | 4.80/11.87 | |
肖蛸 | AS | RPOM | 3.20/9.47 | 5.40/10.76 | 2.20/4.26 | 3.20/2.25 | 3.50/5.07 | |
Tetragnatha sp. | AS | RPCF | 1.60/10.81 | 7.80/19.60 | 1.80/6.77 | 4.60/4.21 | 3.95/9.77 |
年份 Year | 生境 Habitat | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturation stage | 全期 Whole period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | RPOM | 2.22 | 1.85 | 2.10 | 1.47 | 2.41 |
RPCF | 1.89 | 2.57 | 1.36 | 1.38 | 1.72 | |
RPOM/RPCF | 1.18 | 0.72 | 1.54 | 1.06 | 1.40 | |
2018 | RPOM | 3.14 | 2.30 | 2.50 | 2.30 | 3.15 |
RPCF | 1.67 | 2.56 | 1.67 | 2.17 | 2.40 | |
RPOM/RPCF | 1.89 | 0.90 | 1.50 | 1.06 | 1.31 |
Table 7 Species richness ratio of predatory natural enemy to insect pests both total period and every growth stage in RPOM and RPCF
年份 Year | 生境 Habitat | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕穗期 Booting stage | 花期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Maturation stage | 全期 Whole period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | RPOM | 2.22 | 1.85 | 2.10 | 1.47 | 2.41 |
RPCF | 1.89 | 2.57 | 1.36 | 1.38 | 1.72 | |
RPOM/RPCF | 1.18 | 0.72 | 1.54 | 1.06 | 1.40 | |
2018 | RPOM | 3.14 | 2.30 | 2.50 | 2.30 | 3.15 |
RPCF | 1.67 | 2.56 | 1.67 | 2.17 | 2.40 | |
RPOM/RPCF | 1.89 | 0.90 | 1.50 | 1.06 | 1.31 |
Fig. 5 Temporal dynamics and whole period of the individual number ratio of predatory natural enemies to insect pest in RPOM and RPCF in 2017 (A) and 2018 (B)
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