Effects of Rickettsia infection on the ecological characteristics of whitefly Bemisia tabaci

doi:10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.095

Abstract

Abstract:

[Objectives] To elucidate the effects of infection with the secondary symbiotic bacteria Rickettsia on the ecological characteristics of whitefly Bemisia tabaci. [Methods] Cotton was selected as the experimental plant. Rickettsia- positive (B ⁺) and negative B. tabaci (B ^-) were allowed to feed on plants for 15 d. Plants on which B ⁺insects had fed were regarded as Rickettsia persistent plants (C ⁺) and those on which B ^-insects had fed were regarded as Rickettsia-free plants (C ^-). The developmental time and survival rate of B. tabaci nymphs feeding on these two types of cotton plants, and their subsequent fecundity and longevity as adults, was quantified and compared. [Results] Rickettsia can significantly shorten the developmental time of B. tabaci. The generational time of the B ⁺C ⁺ and B ⁺C ^- treatment groups was around 17-18d, whereas that of the B ^-C ⁺ and B ^-C ^- treatment groups was around 21-23 d. Rickettsia can also significantly increase the survival of B. tabaci; survival rates from egg to adult of the B ⁺C ⁺, B ⁺C ^-, B ^-C ⁺ and B ^-C ^- treatment groups were 75.00%, 70.00%, 56.67% and 41.67%, respectively. Rickettsia also significantly increases the number of female offspring produced by B. tabaci. The number of female offspring produced by the B ^-C ^-and B ^-C ⁺treatment groups was significantly lower than that produced by the B ⁺C ⁺and B ⁺C ^-treatment groups. Furthermore, Rickettsia also affects the longevity and fecundity of B. tabaci. The longevity and average fecundity per female of the B ⁺C ⁺, B ⁺C ^- treatment groups were significantly greater than those of the B ^-C ^- and B ^-C ⁺ treatment groups. [Conclusion] The symbiosis of Rickettsia in B. tabaci, and the persistence of Rickettsia in cotton plants, benefit the development and survival of whitefly nymphs, increase the number of female offspring produced and improve the longevity and reproduction of whitefly adults. In terms of its influence on B. tabaci biology, the symbiosis between Rickettsia and B. tabaci is more important than the persistence of Rickettsia in cotton plants.

Key words: Bemisia tabaci, symbiotic bacteria, Rickettsia, developmental duration, fecundity, survival rate

Zi-Qi WANG, Yuan LIU, Pei-Qiong SHI, Xuan AN, Bao-Li QIU. Effects of Rickettsia infection on the ecological characteristics of whitefly Bemisia tabaci[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2020, 57(4): 930-937.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 PCR detection of Rickettsia in different Bemisia tabaci and cotton treatments M: Molecular weight; 1: Portiera; 2: ddH2O; 3: Rickettsia- positive Bemisia tabaci (B+); 4: Rickettsia-positive cotton plants (C+); 5: Rickettsia-negative Bemisia tabaci (B-); 6: Rickettsia-negative cotton plants (C-).

Fig. 2 Effects of Rickettsia on the developmental of Bemisia tabaci A. Developmental time of B. tabaci egg; B. Developmental time of B. tabaci nymph, pre-pupa; C. Developmental time of B. tabaci egg-adult. Data in the figure are mean±SE. Histograms with different letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level. The same below.

Fig. 3 Effect of Rickettsia on the survival rate of Bemisia tabaci different instars A. The survivals of B. tabaci egg; B. The survivals of nymph, pre-pupa; C. The survivals of egg-adult.

Fig. 4 Effects of Rickettsia on the reproductive of Bemisia tabaci A. The female percentage; B. Averaged longevity; C. Fecundity of B. tabaci F1 generation.

Fig. 5 Daily survival rate of Bemisia tabaci F1 generation in different treatments

References 24

1	An X, Li YH, Li SJ, Guo CF, Ren SX, Qiu BL , 2015. Preliminary research on the distribution and transmission efficiency of Rickettsia, an endosymbiont of whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 52(1):135-142.
	[ 安璇, 李翌菡, 李绍建, 郭长飞, 任顺祥, 邱宝利 , 2015. 烟粉虱内共生菌 Rickettsia 在植物体内的分布及转移效率初探. 应用昆虫学报, 52(1):135-142.]
2	Baumann P, Baumann L, Lai CY, Rouhbakhsh D, Moran NA, Clark MA , 1995. Genetics, physiology, and evolutionary relationships of the genus Buchnera: Intracellular symbionts of aphids. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 49(1):55-94. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.000415 URL
3	Caspi-Fluger A, Inbar M, Mozes-Daube N, Mouton L, Hunter MS, Zchori-Fein E , 2011. Rickettsia ‘in’ and ‘out’: Two different localization patterns of a bacterial symbiont in the same insect species. PLoS ONE, 6(6):e21096. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021096 URL pmid: 21712994
4	Caspi-Fluger A, Inbar M, Mozes-Daube N, Katzir N, Portnoy V, Belausov E, Hunter MS, Zchori-Fein E , 2011. Horizontal transmission of the insect symbiont Rickettsia is plant-mediated. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 279(1734):1791-1796. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2095 URL
5	Charlat S, Ballard JWO, Mercot H , 2004. What maintains non-cytoplasmic incompatibility inducing Wolbachia in their hosts: A case study from a natural Drosophila yakuba population. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 17(2):322-330. doi: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00676.x URL pmid: 15009266
6	Chiel E, Inbar M, Mozes-Daube N, White JA, Hunter MS, Zchori-Fein E , 2009. Assessments of fitness effects by the facultative symbiont Rickettsia in the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102(3):413-418. doi: 10.1603/008.102.0309 URL
7	Douglas AE , 2015. Multiorganismal insects: Diversity and function of resident microorganisms. Annual Review of Entomology, 60:17-34. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020822 URL pmid: 25341109
8	Gottlieb Y, Ghanim M, Chiel E, Gerling D, Portnoy V, Steinberg S, Tzuri G, Horowitz AR, Belausov E, Mozes-Daube N, Kontsedalov S, Gershon M, Gal S, KatZir N, Zchori-Fein E , 2006. Identification and localization of a Rickettsia sp. in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae). Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72(5):3646-3652. doi: 10.1128/AEM.72.5.3646-3652.2006 URL pmid: 16672513
9	Giorgini M, Bernardo U, Monti MM, Nappo AG, Gebiola M , 2010. Rickettsia symbionts cause parthenogenetic reproduction in the parasitoid wasp Pnigalio soemius(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(8):2589-2599. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03154-09 URL pmid: 20173065
10	Guo JY, Yang Y, Cong L, Chen T, Wan FH , 2011. Development fitness of Bemisia tabaci B-biotype feeding on different host plants. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 48(1):43-47.
	[ 郭建英, 杨洋, 丛林, 陈婷, 万方浩 , 2011. 不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱发育适合度的影响. 应用昆虫学报, 48(1):43-47.]
11	Hagimori T, Abe Y, Date S, Miura K , 2006. The first finding of a Rickettsia bacterium associated with parthenogenesis induction among insects. Current Microbiology, 52(2):97-101. doi: 10.1007/s00284-005-0092-0 URL
12	Himler AG, Adachi-Hagimori T, Bergen JE, Kozuch A, Kelly SE, Tabashnik BE, Chiel E, Duckworth VE, Dennehy TJ, Zchori-Fein E, Hunter MS , 2011. Rapid spread of a bacterial symbiont in an invasive whitefly is driven by fitness benefits and female bias. Science, 332(6026):254-256. doi: 10.1126/science.1199410 URL
13	Hunter MS, Perlman SJ, Kelly SE , 2003. A bacterial symbiont in the Bacteroidetes induces cytoplasmic incompatibility in the parasitoid wasp Encarsia pergandiella. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 270(1529):2185-2190.
14	Li YH, Ahmed MZ, Li SJ, Lv N, Shi PQ, Chen XS, Qiu BL , 2017. Plant-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia endosymbiont between different whitefly species. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 93(12): fix138. URL pmid: 29040502
15	Moran NA, Telang A , 1998. Bacteriocyte-associated symbionts of insects. Bioscience, 48(4):295-304. doi: 10.2307/1313356 URL
16	Majerus TM, Majerus ME , 2010. Discovery and identification of a male-killing agent in the Japanese ladybird Propylea japonica(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10(1):37. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-37 URL
17	Naranjo SE, Castle SJ, de Barro PJ, Liu SS , 2010. Population dynamics, demography, dispersal and spread of Bemisia tabaci//Stansly PA, Naranjo SE(eds.). Bemisia: Bionomics and Management of a Global Pest. Dordrecht: Springer. 185-226.
18	Oliver KM, Russell JA, Moran NA, Hunter MS , 2003. Facultative bacterial symbionts in aphids confer resistance to parasitic wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(4):1803-1807. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0335320100 URL
19	Oliver KM, Moran NA, Hunter MS , 2005. Variation in resistance to parasitism in aphids is due to symbionts not host genotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(36):12795-12800. URL pmid: 16120675
20	Perlman SJ, Hunter MS, Zchori-Fein E , 2006. The emerging diversity of Rickettsia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 273(1598):2097-2106.
21	Qiu BL, Ren SX, Lin L, Musa PD , 2003. Effect of host plants on the development and reproduction of Bemisia tobaci(Homoptera Aleyrodidae). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23(6):1206-1211.
	[ 邱宝利, 任顺祥, 林莉, Musa PD , 2003. 不同寄主植物对烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响. 生态学报, 23(6):1206-1211.]
22	Ren SX, Qiu BL, Ge F, Zhang YJ, Du YZ , 2011. Research progress of the monitoring, forecast and sustainable management of whitefly pests in China. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 48(1):7-15.
	[ 任顺祥, 邱宝利, 戈峰, 张友军, 杜予州 , 2011. 粉虱类害虫的检测预警与可持续治理技术透视. 应用昆虫学报, 48(1):7-15.]
23	Werren JH, Hurst GD, Zhang W, Breeuwer JA, Stouthamer R, Majerus ME , 1994. Rickettsia relative associated with male killing in the ladybird beetle ( Adalia bipunctata). Journal of Bacteriology, 176(2):388-394. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.2.388-394.1994 URL pmid: 8288533
24	Yin XJ, Sun XX, Muhammad ZA, Ren SX, Qiu BL , 2015. The phylogeny of south China populations of Bemisia tabaci and Encarsia parasitoid wasps in relation to infection with the Cardinium endosymbiont. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 52(4):1014-1022.
	[ 尹祥杰, 孙秀新, Muhammad ZA, 任顺祥, 邱宝利 , 2015. 南方部分地区烟粉虱及其寄生蜂内共生菌Cardinium的检测及其系统发育关系. 应用昆虫学报, 52(4):1014-1022.]