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Accurate identification of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) Bo FENG, Qian-Shuang GUO, Hao-Jie WANG, Lie-Ming PAN, Yong-Jun DU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 877-888.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.090 HTML （63）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To describe morphological characteristics that can be used to accurately identify the moth Spodoptera frugiperda, an invasive pest that has recently become established in China. [Methods] Stable, diagnostic, morphological characteristics of male and female moths, including male genitalia and female bursa copulatrix are described. [Results] Body size and other 20 morphological characteristics are too variable among individuals to be used to accurately identify S. frugiperda. In addition to 4 forewing characteristics, including black spots on the base of the forewing, 6 other morphological features, such as black scale bands on the labial palp, are found to be sufficiently invariant among individuals to serve as diagnostic features. An oblique orbicular spot in the middle of the forewing, and other 3 morphological characteristics are confined to males and females. The uniform color of humeral plates and 4 other features are confined to males, whereas the characteristic “same color of the inner part to the forewings” is confined to females. Four and two newly identified external morphological features accurately distinguish S. frugiperda from S. litura and S. exigua moths, respectively. Newly identified 6 diagnostic features of male S. frugiperda genitalia include juxta longer than wide, whereas newly identified 4 features of females bursa copulatrix include the base of the ductus bursae being obviously wider than the end. Three features of the male genitalia, and 3 of the female bursa copulatrix, accurately distinguish S. frugiperda from male S. litura and female S. exigua, respectively. [Conclusion] The results of this study not only provide morphological characteristics of the forewing but also additional morphological characteristics of other body part that allow the accurate identification of male S. frugiperda. Forewing features that allow the accurate identification of females are also provided for the first time. In addition, our results provide a useful reference on the genitalia of noctuids, including some newly described features of the male genitalia and female bursa copulatrix. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the effectiveness of the Trizol method versus an RNA extraction kit for extracting total RNA from insect species with different tissue characteristics Zhi-Yong YIN, Jian-Jun GUO, Xu-Mei CHEN, Yu-Lin ZHENG, Ying TIAN, Jun TAN Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 988-994.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.102 HTML （41）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] The relative efficiency of using a RNA extraction kit to extract total RNA from different insects was compared to that of the Trizol method. [Methods] An RNA extraction kit and Trizol were used to extract total RNA from five insects; Aspongopus chinensis Dallas, Sogatella furcifera Horváth, Apis cerana cerana, Pantala flavescens and Chrysolina aurichalcea. The quality and the OD value of total RNA obtained were measured with a UV spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. [Results] Although a higher concentration of total RNA was extracted with the Trizol method from three species, S. furcifera, C. aurichalcea, and A. chinensis, it had lower purity and electrophoresis results indicated that it was degraded with poor integrity. Conversely, although the concentration of total RNA obtained with an RNA extraction kit from P. flavescens (Odonata) and A. cerana cerana (Hymenoptera) was relatively low, it was relatively pure and had better integrity. [Conclusion] The trizol method is more suitable for extracting total RNA from small insects or those with high chitin content, whereas an RNA extraction kit is better for insects with low chitin content, a soft abdomen and more body fluid. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mating and oviposition of Emeia pseudosauteri (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Shen-Zhi CHEN, Cheng-Quan CAO, Chao TONG, Dan-Yang XU, Meng-Bing YANG, Chao YE Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 973-979.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.100 HTML （2）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To describe the mating and oviposition behavior of Emeia pseudosauteri in order to further understanding of its biology and promote the artificial breeding of this species. [Methods] The mating and oviposition of E. pseudosauteri were studied in laboratory experiments and observed in the field. [Results] Male-male, female-female and male-male encounters before mating were documented and the mating process is described in detail. Mating positions were of the upper and lower position (or “∠” type) and the tail-to-tail position (or “-” type), the latter being derived from the former. Male and female adults could mate multiple times, with mating disruption and false mating common among males. The peaks of mating activity were from 20:00-22:00 with a mating rate of 20.8%, and from 12:00-14:00 with a mating rate of 15.1%. Females tended to lay eggs on wet moss, often clustered in bundles or lines. Females could lay repeatedly, but most eggs (up to 67.82%) were laid in the first egg mass produced, with successively fewer eggs being laid in subsequent egg masses. The number of eggs laid by a single female after multiple matings (up to 45) was higher than that after a single mating (up to 20 eggs). The quantity of eggs laid and the number of oviposition bouts were related to female weight, heavier females produced more egg masses and more eggs in each egg mass. [Conclusion] The mating and oviposition behavior of E. pseudosauteri has some species-specific characteristics but is otherwise similar to the behavior of other fireflies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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From ‘comprehensive’ to ‘integrated’ pest management Feng GE Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (1): 1-9.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.01.01.001 HTML （24）          Knowledge map    Integrated pest management (IPM) is defined as a holistic ‘approach’, or ‘strategy’, of combatting plant pests with minimal applications of chemical pesticides. Rather than relying on a single control method, it involves integrating a diverse range of pest control techniques into the agroecosystem, which requires in depth understanding of the interactions between these techniques. This paper reviews recent advances in IPM both at home and abroad. Four fundamental principles of pest control, four control strategies and three technological innovations, have been developed since the 1950’s. A five step prioritization scheme for pest management with five levels associated with 11 scientific problems in the integration process have been advanced for managing pests more effectively. We emphasize that pest management should comply with the crop protection principle of "prevention first, making ecology a priority and using integrated management", and the use of “ecologically friendly, effective, economic and simple” methods. Thus, we propose that IPM should integrate and optimize all available control elements such as ecological tactics, modern biotechnology, as well as biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools, into the agroecosystem to achieve economic profitability, ecological sustainability and social acceptability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Projected potential range and risk analysis of the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), in Jiangsu province Peng GAO, Jie HU, Wei-Rong GONG, Yu-Zhou DU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 963-972.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.099 HTML （1）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To investigate the risk of introducing and spreading the alien invasive sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) in Jiangsu province. [Methods] The principle of agroclimatic analogy was used to analyze the suitability of areas for C. formicarius in Jiangsu. Based on the pest risk analysis (PRA) procedure according to international standards for pest measurements (ISPM) and the relevant PRA model, this study based the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the risk of C. formicarius establishing in Jiangsu on five factors; the distribution of C. formicarius in China and Jiangsu, the potential damage that could be caused by this pest, the economic importance of damaged host plants, the risk of establishment and spread, and the difficulty of management. [Results] The C. formicarius synthetic risk index is 2.26. In addition, C. formicarius occurs seasonally south of 34.5°N in Jiangsu but only sporadically north of this latitude. It should be noted that there is currently no part of Jiangsu that is absolutely unsuitable for C. formicarius or where the species occurs year-round. [Conclusion] C. formicarius meets the requirements to be classified as quarantinable pest in China, and Jiangsu is a potential area where this species could establish. Based on this, two risk management strategies are proposed to reduce the risk of C. formicarius establishing in Jiangsu to an acceptable level. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of different agricultural organic wastes on the biological characteristics of Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis (Lewis) Liu YANG, Guang-Jie ZHANG, Tao XU, Lian-Jun ZHANG, Jin-Lan LI, Shuai ZHANG, Song QIANG, De-Ying MA, Yu-Sheng LIU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 946-954.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.097 HTML （2）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] The larvae of Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis (Lewis) feed on crop stalks and livestock manure, which plays a role in purifying the environment in nature. In order to better play the role of biological conversion of agricultural organic waste. [Methods] The biological characteristics of P. brevitarsis were studied by using 8 principal agricultural organic wastes produced in agriculture and animal husbandry, including the renewal, oyster mushroom, pig manure, shard, corn stalk as well as shard mixed with 25% corn stalk, 50% corn stalk and 75% corn stalk as feeding matrix. [Results] The highest spawning amount was obtained in the treatment of renewal and oyster mushroom, with 130.17 and 117.00 eggs/female; It was significantly higher than that of pig manure, shard and corn stalk; Regarding the different proportion mixture treatments of shard and corn stalk, the spawning amount was obtained in the treatment with 101.50-108.67 eggs/female; there was no significant difference between different mixing ratios. Compared with the larval hatching rate, the larval hatching rate of oyster mushroom and pig manure was 87.78% and 82.22%; The hatching rate of corn stalk mixed with shard in different rate was all very low, only 46.67%-57.78%. From the rate of larval pupation and feather comparison, The pupation rate and feather rate of corn stalk treated with different proportion of shard were higher, reaching 90.00%-95.56% and 88.89%-91.11%. The pupation rate and eclosion rate of renewal and pig manure were lower than 90% and 70%. In the treatment of single substance, the proportion of female worms was higher than that of male worms in the treatment of renewal, oyster mushroom, shard andcorn stalk. In the mixed treatment group of corn stalk and shard, the proportion of female worms was higher than male worms in the 50% corn stalk+shard groups.The length and width of female and male adults were 17-19 mm and 10-11 mm respectively. The body length of renewal, pig manure and shard treatment group was slightly smaller; Feeding different agricultural organic wastes to the whole developmental cycle of P. brevitarsis, shard feeding group turtle calendar period is the shortest, is (315.29±0.55) d; renewal feeding group turtle calendar period is the longest, is (330.75±1.76) d. [Conclusion] Different agricultural organic wastes can be used as breeding grounds for P. brevitarsis, the production practice in Xinjiang shows that it has the feasibility of high value utilization, it can provide a theoretical basis for the larval transformation of agricultural organic waste. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor on the expression of detoxification, immune and memory related, genes in the honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) Teng-Fei SHI, An-Ran WANG, Yu-Jie ZHU, Lin-Sheng YU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 833-840.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.085 HTML （22）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] The new insecticide sulfoxaflor is widely used to control insect pests but little is known about its effects on honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica). The sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor on the expression of six detoxification (CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2, CYP9Q3, CYP9S1, CYP6AS5 and CYP4G11), four immune (Abaecin, Defensin, Hymenoptaeci and Apidaecin), and three memory (PKA, GluRA and NMDAR1), related genes in honeybees was investigated. [Methods] (1) The LD50 value of sulfoxaflor to honeybees was assessed using the “oral-feeding tube” method. (2) Changes in the expression of six detoxification, four immune, and three memory related genes were measured 48 h after bees had been fed sublethal doses (1/3 LD50 and 1/10 LD50) of sulfoxaflor. [Results] (1) The LD50 value of sulfoxaflor to honeybees was 0.099 μg/bee. (2) Exposure to 1/3 LD50 of sulfoxaflor significantly inhibited Abaecin and Defensin expression in honeybees (P < 0.05), but up-regulated the expression of PKA, NMDAR1, GluRA, CYP9Q2 and CYP9Q3 (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Hymenoptaecin, Apidaecin, CYP6AS5 and CYP4G11 in both treatment groups were significantly higher than in the control group. Sulfoxaflor did not, however, affect the expression of CYP9Q1 and CYP9S1. [Conclusion] Sulfoxaflor could potentially affect the detoxification, immune and memory systems of honeybees. These results provide a basis for further exploring the complex molecular interactions between sulfoxaflor and honeybees. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and expression characterization of UDP-glucosyltransferase genes in Rhaphuma horsfieldi Zheng-Quan WANG, Ning-Na YIN, Ning ZHAO, Nai-Yong LIU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 898-910.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.092 HTML （9）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) in insects is of particular importance for the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous toxic compounds. However, no information about RhorUGT genes of Rhaphuma horsfieldi is available. [Methods] In this study, we characterized the UGT gene family from R. horsfieldi using transcriptomics, bioinformatics, phylogenic and expression profiling analyses, and homology modeling approaches. [Results] Based on the transcriptomic data, totally 36 RhorUGT genes were identified from this beetle, 17 of which were full-length sequences. A comparative study on UGT gene numbers among different coleopteran species revealed that R. horsfieldi harbored a medium UGT number. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that RhorUGTs were clustered into ten sub-families, with a cerambycid-specific one of UGT352. Notably, these members formed by RhorUGT2/7/10/16/18/27 from UGT352 were possibly derived from gene duplications. Expression profiles showed that most of RhorUGTs were detected in tested tissues and some were specifically or highly expressed in antennae or tarsi, suggesting their diverse functions including olfaction and touch. Results by three-dimensional structures showed that α3, α4, β4 and β5 of RhorUGT17 were mainly involved in the binding of UDP-glucose. [Conclusion] This study has identified the numbers, sequence characteristics, phylogenic relationships and tissue expression characteristics of R. horsfieldi UGTs, and thus provides reference data for addressing the detoxification mechanisms of this beetle. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The incompatibility of using both insecticides and Cotesia chilonis to control Chilo suppressalis in the field Fu-Jing HE, Feng ZHU, Wei-Fei YAN, Ming-Xing LU, San-Bao HANG, Yu-Zhou DU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 921-929.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.094 HTML （1）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] Increasing crop damage by Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in recent years poses a major threat to rice production. Due to the resistance of C. suppressalis to multiple pesticides, the parasitic wasp Cotesia chilonis is gradually becoming more popular as a biological control for the larvae of C. suppressalis in the field. The aim of this study was to clarify the ability of insectary-reared C. chilonis to control C. suppressalis in the field, and investigate the effects of various environmentally-friendly pesticides on both C. suppressalis and C. chilonis. [Methods] The number of dead heart leaves, white ears and dead boot stages of rice, and the number of live C. suppressalis larvae, following releases of two different densities (125 and 250 cocoons) of C. chilonis and seven different pesticide treatments, was quantified and to compared. [Results] Both densities of C. chilonis reduced C. suppressalis damage to the rice plants; there was no significant difference between the two densities of C. chilonis in this respect, although more C. suppressalis were parasitized after the higher density of C. chilonis were released. Among the different pesticide treatments, cyantraniliprole was the best, followed by chlorantraniliprole, and Bacillus thuringiensis and dimehypo were the worst. There were also large differences in the effectiveness of different doses of cyantraniliprole. The high parasitic rate was found where C. chilonis was released but all pesticide treatments significantly reduced the number of C. suppressalis larvae parasitized by C. chilonis. [Conclusion] C. chilonis can effectively control C. suppressalis in the field, but the optimal density and methodology of releasing C. chilonis requires further investigation. Although C. suppressalis were parasitized by C. chilonis where the later were released, all seven insecticides tested significantly reduced the proportion of C. suppressalis that were parasitized, indicating that the use of these pesticides is incompatible with the release of C. chilonis as a biological control. The control of C. suppressalis should consider not only the pesticide dosages required to control this pest, but also potential pesticide damage to its natural enemies and the environment as a whole. The results of this experiment provide both a theoretical and practical basis for the subsequent establishment of a more environmentally-friendly strategy for controlling C. suppressalis based on the use of C. chilonis as a biological control. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning, sequence characterization and expression of the Apis mellifera amPGAM2 gene Xia-Hui OUYANG, Shuai PENG, Wen-Kai XU, Xue-Lei ZHU, Xiang-Xiang ZHENG, Hong CHEN Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 889-897.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.091 HTML （3）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) plays an important role in the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis of protease. This study intends to clarify the sequence characteristics and expression patterns of the amPGAM2 gene. [Methods] The cDNA sequence of the Apis mellifera amPGAM2 gene was cloned, and its sequence characteristics and expression in different castes and developmental stages; workers, drones and queens, analyzed. [Results] Sequence analysis indicates that the full length of the cloned sequence is 976 bp, and contains a complete open reading frame encoding 254 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is highly homologous to that of Apis cerana (98.4%). The gene has 15 potential antigen epitopes, 9 phosphorylation sites and 5 histidine phosphatase domain active sites and encodes a glycerol diphosphate-dependent soluble neutral stable protein that belongs to the histidine phosphatase superfamily. The results of RT-qPCR indicate that expression of amPGAM2 is significantly different in different castes and developmental stages. Expression in workers was highest at 3 days of age in the egg stage and at 5 days in the larval stage. The highest expression in drones and queesn was in the adult stage and in 4 day-old larvae, respectively. Expression in workers, drones and queens increased from hatching to the larval stage, and from the red-eye pupal eclosion to the adult stage. [Conclusion] The results suggest that the amPGAM2 gene plays an important role in hatching and spermatogenesis. This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving understanding of the energy metabolism during reproductive development in Apis mellifera. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The ecological regulation and management of pests Feng GE Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (1): 10-19.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.01.002 HTML （19）          Knowledge map    To reduce the risk from pesticides to humans and the environment, many growers have switched from conventional pest control methods to the ecological regulation and management of pests (ERMP). An "advanced" kind of integrated pest management (IPM), ERMP places strong emphasis on the crop protection principle of " prevention first, making ecology a priority, using integrated management and precise implementation". The Implementation of ERMP depends on integrating all available management methods, including ecological tactics, agricultural control, biological control, physical control, modern biotechnology and reasonable chemical control, to keep pests below the eco-economic threshold level. Furthermore, ERMP is also a kind of pest management technology, which makes use of habitat manipulation, functional plant, push-pull, ecological suicide, crop ratio and crop health. This paper presents the conceptual framework, four fundamental principles, six unique tactics and four guidelines, of the ERMP strategy, and describes the relationship between strategy and technology in ERMP. It is important to note that ERMP and IPM are not mutually exclusive; ERMP is a subset of IPM. The development of more reliable ERMP practices should allow growers to achieve the more economic, ecological and social benefits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular cloning and expression profiles of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) gene in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella Pei-Rong LI, Gao-Man CHEN, Xue-Qing YANG Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 850-860.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.087 HTML （6）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] In order to improve understanding of the role of cytochrome P450 in the detoxification of plant secondary substances and insecticides, the CPR gene (CpCPR) of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, was cloned and its expression profile was analyzed. [Methods] The amino acid sequences of CPR genes from closely-related insect species were used as queries to search against the C. pomonella transcriptome database (SRX371333) and obtain the sequence of the C. pomonella CPR gene. RT-PCR was then used to amplify the Open Reading Frame (ORF) of the target gene. Bioinformatics software was used to compare the sequence characteristics, 3D structure and phylogenetic relationship of CpCPR to those of CPR from other insects. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the relative expression level of CpCPR in different developmental stages (eggs, 1-5 instar larvae, pupae, and adults) and in various tissues (head, cuticle, fat body, midgut, and Malpighian tubes). [Results] The length of the CpCPR gene is 20 252 bp, which encodes 683 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 77.326 ku and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.65. CpCPR contains typical insect CPR gene characteristics, such as an FMN region, an NADPH region and a FAD region. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that CpCPR clusters with the CPR gene of other Lepidoptera. RT-qPCR results show that the CpCPR gene is expressed in all developmental stages but is most abundant in the larval stage. In addition, CpCPR mRNA was detected in all tissues but was most abundant in the midgut in fourth-instar larvae. [Conclusion] The ORF of the CpCPR gene was successfully cloned. This gene was most highly expressed during the larval stage and in the midgut of C. pomonella, indicating that it may play an important role in the detoxification of plant secondary substances and insecticides. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Guadipyr on voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels in central neurons of Helicoverpa armigera Dan-Yang GUAN, Xiao-Wei JIANG, Qing-Ya LI, Xiao LIU, Yong-Qiang MA, Qiang CHEN, Hongmei LI-Byarlay, Bing-Jun HE Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 841-849.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.086 HTML （1）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] Guadipyr is a novel insecticide that has both neonicotinoid and semicarbazone insecticidal activity. How it affects ion channels and channel gating characteristics and functions is currently unknown. We examined the effects of Guadipyr on voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels, and explored whether these channels are potential targets for this pesticide. [Methods] The effects of three concentrations (1, 10, and 100 μmol?L –1) of Guadipyr on Ca 2+and K + channels were studied using the patch clamp technique. [Results] All three concentrations of Guadipyr significantly (P<0.05) shifted Ca 2+channel Ⅰ-Ⅴ and activation curves about 10-15 mV in the negative direction. The inactivation curves of Ca 2+channels were also shifted 5 mV towards the hyperpolarizing direction, which is a not significant shift (P>0.05). The Ca 2+peak current was significantly decreased by Guadipyr treatment relative to the control. The Ipeak decreased more slowly as the concentration of Guadipyr increased. The area of window current increased the most (93.20%) following treatment with 1 μmol?L –1 Guadipyr than by treatment with 10 μmol?L –1 and 100 μmol?L –1. The number of Ca 2+ channels activated increased after Guadipyr treatment at a test voltage of ﹣60 mV to +10 mV. The K +peak current decreased gradually when Guadipyr was added to the external solution; the Ipeak decreased more slowly as the Guadipyr concentration increased from 10 μmol?L –1 to 100 μmol?L –1. Ⅰ-Ⅴ curves declined and the activation of K +channels was shifted 8 mV towards the depolarizing direction, which was not significant (P>0.05). This shows that K + channels can be activated at higher potentials by Guadipyr. [Conclusion] Guadipyr can effectively inhibit the Ipeak of the Ca 2+and K +channels, and shift the activation and inactivation curves of these channels, thereby affecting the gating of Ca 2+ channels and K + channels. Therefore, Ca 2+ and K + channels in the central neurons of H. armigera are potential Guadipyr target sites. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The structure, spaciotemporal dynamics, and diversity of mosquito communities in Wuhan Hui GUO, Hua-Gang LI, Lin WU, Hao DING, Jing LIU, Tai-Ping WU, Jun-Hua TIAN Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 955-962.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.098 HTML （4）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To investigate the structure, spaciotemporal dynamics, and diversity, of mosquito communities in Wuhan, and thereby improve mosquito prevention and control in this region. [Methods] The spaciotemporal dynamics of mosquito community structure and mosquito density in five habitats were monitored monthly from 2007 to 2016 using the lamp trap method. Species richness and diversity, evenness, dominance and similarity, indices, were calculated and compared. [Results] The average density of mosquitoes in Wuhan during the study period was 58.54 /(lamp night). Eight species, from 5 genera and 2 subfamilies, were captured, and the dominant species were Culex pipiens pallens and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. There was a single seasonal peak of abundance in June. Habitats such as livestock sheds and farmer’s households differed in species richness, and in diversity, evenness and dominance indices, to residential areas, parks and hospitals. [Conclusion] The species, quantity and diversity, of mosquito communities in different seasons and habitats in Wuhan differed, and methods of mosquito prevention and control should consequently take into account both season and habitat type. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in transcription factor MYC2 mediating plant resistance to biological stress Peng-Fei XIE, Lei ZHU, Ling FENG, Jin-Cai WU, Jing-Lan LIU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 781-787.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.079 HTML （23）          Knowledge map    The transcription factor myelocytomatosis proteins (MYCs) are activating transcription factors in the response pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) in plants. They are widely found in animals and plants. MYC2 belongs to the family of bHLH and contains the conserved domain of bHLH. It is the most thoroughly studied of the current MYC transcription factors. With the deep study of plant resistance to biotic stress, the research on MYC2, which mediates JA signaling pathway, has gradually become clear. This review summarized the role of transcription factor MYC2 in amplifies transcriptional output, participates in the regulation of plant target genes, cascade with regulating plant resistance to biotic stress by forming a hierarchical transcription downstream antibiotic stress, and highlights the role of rice transcription factor OsMYC2 in antibiotic stress. JAZ is the transcriptional inhibition of JA signaling factor, which participates in mediating JA signaling pathway by inhibiting the activity of MYC2, provides information for the study of MYC2 functional mechanism, and prospects for future research hot spot and directions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Extraction and analysis of numerical characteristics from forewings of three plant hopper species (Homoptera: Ricaniidae) Peng-Liang PAN, Feng HONG, Jun-Hua CHEN, Hong-Min LIU, Xin-Ming YIN, Jian-Wei XIONG Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 980-987.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.101 HTML （2）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To investigate if contour features of the forewings of three Ricaniidae plant hopper species, one of the most important families of pests in orchards, tea plantations, and horticultural plants, can be used to reliably identify an individual’s species and sex. [Methods] Morphological features of the forewings of the three plant hopper species were extracted by image processing and analysis technology and the data analyzed in SPSS v22.0. [Results] There was no significant difference in the contour morphological parameters of the left and right wings of one species. However, there was a difference in these parameters between female and male adults of the other two species. Except for the perimeter measurement in Euricania clara, differences in five actual measurements were either significant, or extremely significant, between females and males. Except for the circularity measurement of males and the perimeter measurement, differences in other parameters were also significant, or extremely significant, between species. Canonical discriminant analysis indicates that these three pest species can be distinguished by their forewing contour features with an accuracy from original and cross validation discrimination of more than 90%. [Conclusion] Three kinds of plant hoppers can be reliably identified by the contour features of their forewings, which provides a method for the automatic identification and population monitoring for these pests. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in research on pathogenic factors of the Chinese sacbrood virus and the potential of Chinese herbal medicine to control this disease Xue-Qi ZHANG, Li-Ping SUN, Dong-Xiang ZHAO, Ji-Lian LI Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 806-813.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.082 HTML （3）          Knowledge map    Chinese sacbrood virus is a common disease of Apis cerana cerana that can cause colony collapse and huge losses to the domestic honeybee industry. This paper reviews the symptoms, pathogenic factors and current methods for the prevention and control of this disease, and analyzes the feasibility of using Chinese herbal medicine to prevent and treat it. This analysis is based on the biological activity of Chinese herbal medicine and provides new ideas for the application of active ingredients obtained from this traditional body of knowledge for the prevention and control Chinese sacbrood virus. It is important to protect Apis cerana cerana colonies from the Chinese sacbrood virus while at the same time producing safe and pollution-free products. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of five different rice varieties on the life history and population dynamics of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens in central China Xiao-Xu ZHENG, Mu-Hua ZHAO, Shuai-Jie HE, Xue-Mei LI, Feng-Lian YANG, Gang WU Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (1): 142-152.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.01.016 HTML （6）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To evaluate the effects of five rice varieties on the life history and population dynamics of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in central China, and thereby inform the prevention and control of this pest. [Methods] The effects of five rice varieties (“Shen Liang you 3117”, “Jin you 957”, “Qi Liang you 908”, “Feng you 989” and “Shan you 63”) on the life history parameters of the brown planthopper were studied using two-sex life table. In addition, the population dynamics of N. lugens feeding on each of the five rice varieties was simulated with two-sex life table software. [Results] Different rice cultivars had different effects on 4 th-5 th instar nymphs of the brown planthopper. Nymphs fed on “Qi Liang you 908” took significantly longer to develop than those fed the other four rice varieties (P<0.05). Planthoppers fed on “Shan you 63” and “Jin you 957” had significantly lower fecundity than those fed on the other three rice varieties (P<0.05), and those fed on “Qi Liang you 908” had a significantly lower survival rate than those fed on the other rice varieties (P<0.05). The five rice varieties can be ranked in terms of the net reproductive rate (R0) of the brown rice planthoppers fed on them as follows; “Feng you 989” > “Shen Liang you 3117” > “Shan you 63” > “Jin you 957”> “Qi Liang you 908”. [Conclusion] Brown planthoppers fed on “Qi Liang you 908” had a significantly lower survival rate than those fed on the other four rice varieties, and those fed on “Feng you 989” and “Shen Liang you 3117” had a significantly higher net population growth rate than those fed on the other four rice varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Susceptibility of cruciferous vegetable aphids in Guizhou province to insecticides Wen-Hong LI, Tian-Qun LI, Li-Juan YAND, Li-Rong DENG, Hui-Min WANG, Yu-Hang ZHOU, Feng-Liang LI Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 868-876.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.089 HTML （6）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To determine the susceptibility to commonly used insecticides in free-living populations of cruciferous vegetables aphids in Guizhou Province, which is important information for controlling, and managing insecticide resistance in, these pests. [Methods] The leaf-dipping method was used to assess susceptibility to more than 10 commonly used insecticides in wild populations of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) in Guiyang, Xifeng, Qianxi and Zunyi in 2017-2018. In addition, detection data, including species, year, population and insecticide, were compared and statistically analyzed. [Results] 1. Significant differences were found in the susceptibility of the three vegetable aphids to the insecticides tested. M. persicae was 12.7- and 15.5-fold, respectively, less susceptible than B. brassicae and L. erysimi. 2. No significant difference in susceptibility was detected among different populations of B. brassicae in Guiyang, Qianxi and Xifeng, and in populations of L. erysimi in Guiyang and Zunyi. 3. Susceptibility of M. persicae and B. brassicae decreased by 2.2- and 1.9-fold from 2017 to 2018. The susceptibility of the Guiyang population M. persicae to nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos, clothianidin and cyantraniliprole also significantly decreased by 5.6- to 115.0-fold over this period, and the susceptibility of the Guiyang population of B. brassicae to lambda-cyhalothrin, sulfoxaflor, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam decreased by 2.1- to 6.7-fold. [Conclusion] Most insecticides that are highly toxic to B. brassicae and L. erysimi can be used to control these two aphid species. Thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole should be used in rotation. M. persicae was not sensitive to most of the tested insecticides and rapidly develops resistance to these. Sulfoxaflor, imidacloprid and pirimicarb will only be temporarily effective against M. persicae in Guizhou province. New insecticides that are effective against M. persicae are urgently required. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Change in the gene expression of seedling stage rice in response to feeding by the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)(Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Zheng-Hong CAO, Kang HE, Le XU, Shen-Yang TANG, Ya-Qin WANG, Fei LI Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology    2020, 57 (4): 911-920.   DOI: 10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.093 HTML （8）          Knowledge map    [Objectives] To investigate the molecular mechanisms used by plants in response to attack by the brown planthopper BPH; [Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)], a piercing-sucking insect that is now one of the most globally important rice pests. [Methods] Transcriptome data of seedling stage rice, with, or without, BPH were obtained using Illumina next-generation sequencing technology. Gene expression levels were obtained using RSEM software and DEseq2 used to analyze differential gene expression. Twenty differentially expressed genes were randomly selected for verification with fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and GeneMerge software was used to analyze KEGG and GO enrichment of differentially expressed genes. [Results] A total of 1 104 differentially expressed genes were identified in rice plants infested by BPH, of which 435 were up-regulated and 669 were down-regulated. Twenty differentially expressed genes were selected for validation with qPCR, among which 18 were consistent with RNA-Seq estimation thereby confirming the reliability of transcriptome analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis show that the up-regulated genes were enriched into 14 KEGG pathways and 30 GO terms, that are mainly involved in oxidative stress, trehalose synthesis and secondary metabolism, whereas the down-regulated genes were enriched into 29 KEGG pathways and 26 GO terms that are mainly involved in the synthesis of cellulose, protein and fatty acids. In addition, 61 transcription factors and 13 genes related to the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways were enriched in the differentially expressed genes. [Conclusion] Feeding by the BPH stimulates the stress and defense responses of rice plants, and also reduces nutrient synthesis, which suggests a possible impact of BPH on rice yield. These results reveal changes in gene expression in rice plants in response to feeding by BPH, the possible impact of BPH on rice yield, and also provide theorical support for developing rice cultivars resistant to BPH. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics